The average life span for Americans hovered around 40 years for the first 100 years of the nation's existence. But after 1880, breakthroughs in modern medicine and public health resulted in a dramatic rise in life expectancy. By 1930, the average American could expect to enjoy an additional 20 years of life.
Virtual fences could make managing grazing livestock on farms more flexible and more efficient while improving animal welfare. A new study by the University of Göttingen shows that virtual fences trigger behavior in cattle similar to that caused by conventional electric fences, in terms of how they move around the field. This finding puts commonly expressed concerns about animal welfare into perspective. The results were published in the journal Animal.
As the adoption of electric vehicles continues to grow, so does the need for the safe and permanent storage of battery materials and industrial chemical waste. Certain waste streams require disposal in what are known as Category IV landfills, which impose particularly stringent requirements on storage containers. These must simultaneously ensure environmental protection, safe handling and long-term structural integrity.
If you visit Scandinavia, you are likely to find yourself at an exhibition about Vikings. There are many to choose from.
More than half a century ago, Sir Roger Penrose envisioned a scenario in which energy could be extracted from a black hole spinning at extreme speeds. He proposed that a particle entering its ergosphere—a region of space dragged around by a rotating black hole—could split into two. One part could fall into the black hole while the other escaped carrying more energy than the original particle. Building on this theory, physicist Yakov Zel'dovich later predicted that a wave interacting with a sufficiently fast, rotating object could extract energy from it and become amplified.
Imagine trying to trap a miniature star inside a machine without letting it touch the walls or burn itself out. This is the central, high-stakes challenge of high-temperature plasma engineering.
Tiny particles made from the membranes of human immune cells could offer a promising new way to fight fungal infections that are becoming harder to treat. Engineers at the University of California San Diego created antifungal nanoparticles that target Candida albicans, a fungus responsible for oral and vaginal yeast infections as well as life-threatening bloodstream infections. In mice with severe Candida infections, the nanoparticles greatly reduced the amount of fungus in major organs and significantly improved survival.
Climate change threatens many plant and animal species not only when their habitats disappear as climatic conditions change, but also when those habitats shift. In a new study, a team of University of Potsdam researchers found that whether a species' habitat disappears or shifts has a significant impact on how accurately different models can predict its risk of extinction. However, this distinction is not reflected in the current standard methods used to assess extinction risk. Because identifying vulnerable species early is essential for timely conservation action, the researchers argue that these methods urgently need to be revised.
The molecular machinery that normally builds proteins inside cells has now taken on a new role as a "switch." A research team at POSTECH (Pohang University of Science and Technology) has developed a new 'RNA-based smart gene circuit' platform that can simultaneously read multiple signals inside a cell, make its own decisions and autonomously generate programmed responses. This represents a step beyond simple genetic manipulation toward an era in which cells themselves function as "living computers."
What happens when weather forecasts do not match reality? How does the public emotionally respond when a disaster unfolds differently from what they expected? A research team led by Professor Jonghun Kam and Kiru Kim from the Department of Environmental Engineering at POSTECH investigated how forecast error types influenced public emotion during the landfall of Typhoon Khanun. Using artificial intelligence (AI) and natural language processing (NLP), the researchers found that different types of forecast error (e.g., overestimation and underestimation) triggered distinct emotional responses among the public. The study has been published in GeoHealth.
